Supported by Dr. Osamu Ogasawara and  providing  . |
|
Last data update: 2014.03.03 |
aodeDescriptionThis function builds the model using the AODE algorithm which can then be used classification. Usage
aode(train, mestimate = 1, weighted = FALSE,
subsumption = FALSE, S = 100)
Arguments
DetailsThis is the training phase of the algorithm. Necessary count and probability tables are generated which will used for the prediction purpose. ValueAn object of class AODE Author(s)saiteja ranuva Examples
require("datasets")
aode(iris,mestimate=1)
aode(iris)
aode(iris,weighted=TRUE)
Results
R version 3.3.1 (2016-06-21) -- "Bug in Your Hair"
Copyright (C) 2016 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.
Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details.
R is a collaborative project with many contributors.
Type 'contributors()' for more information and
'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications.
Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or
'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help.
Type 'q()' to quit R.
> library(AnDE)
Loading required package: discretization
Loading required package: functional
Loading required package: foreign
Loading required package: stringr
> png(filename="/home/ddbj/snapshot/RGM3/R_CC/result/AnDE/aode.Rd_%03d_medium.png", width=480, height=480)
> ### Name: aode
> ### Title: aode
> ### Aliases: aode
>
> ### ** Examples
>
> require("datasets")
> aode(iris,mestimate=1)
list()
attr(,"aode")
attr(,"aode")$train
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
[1,] 1 3 1 1 1
[2,] 1 2 1 1 1
[3,] 1 2 1 1 1
[4,] 1 2 1 1 1
[5,] 1 3 1 1 1
[6,] 1 3 1 1 1
[7,] 1 3 1 1 1
[8,] 1 3 1 1 1
[9,] 1 1 1 1 1
[10,] 1 2 1 1 1
[11,] 1 3 1 1 1
[12,] 1 3 1 1 1
[13,] 1 2 1 1 1
[14,] 1 2 1 1 1
[15,] 2 3 1 1 1
[16,] 2 3 1 1 1
[17,] 1 3 1 1 1
[18,] 1 3 1 1 1
[19,] 2 3 1 1 1
[20,] 1 3 1 1 1
[21,] 1 3 1 1 1
[22,] 1 3 1 1 1
[23,] 1 3 1 1 1
[24,] 1 2 1 1 1
[25,] 1 3 1 1 1
[26,] 1 2 1 1 1
[27,] 1 3 1 1 1
[28,] 1 3 1 1 1
[29,] 1 3 1 1 1
[30,] 1 2 1 1 1
[31,] 1 2 1 1 1
[32,] 1 3 1 1 1
[33,] 1 3 1 1 1
[34,] 1 3 1 1 1
[35,] 1 2 1 1 1
[36,] 1 2 1 1 1
[37,] 1 3 1 1 1
[38,] 1 3 1 1 1
[39,] 1 2 1 1 1
[40,] 1 3 1 1 1
[41,] 1 3 1 1 1
[42,] 1 1 1 1 1
[43,] 1 2 1 1 1
[44,] 1 3 1 1 1
[45,] 1 3 1 1 1
[46,] 1 2 1 1 1
[47,] 1 3 1 1 1
[48,] 1 2 1 1 1
[49,] 1 3 1 1 1
[50,] 1 2 1 1 1
[51,] 3 2 2 2 2
[52,] 3 2 2 2 2
[53,] 3 2 3 2 2
[54,] 1 1 2 2 2
[55,] 3 1 2 2 2
[56,] 2 1 2 2 2
[57,] 3 2 2 2 2
[58,] 1 1 2 2 2
[59,] 3 1 2 2 2
[60,] 1 1 2 2 2
[61,] 1 1 2 2 2
[62,] 2 2 2 2 2
[63,] 2 1 2 2 2
[64,] 2 1 2 2 2
[65,] 2 1 2 2 2
[66,] 3 2 2 2 2
[67,] 2 2 2 2 2
[68,] 2 1 2 2 2
[69,] 3 1 2 2 2
[70,] 2 1 2 2 2
[71,] 2 2 3 3 2
[72,] 2 1 2 2 2
[73,] 3 1 3 2 2
[74,] 2 1 2 2 2
[75,] 3 1 2 2 2
[76,] 3 2 2 2 2
[77,] 3 1 3 2 2
[78,] 3 2 3 2 2
[79,] 2 1 2 2 2
[80,] 2 1 2 2 2
[81,] 1 1 2 2 2
[82,] 1 1 2 2 2
[83,] 2 1 2 2 2
[84,] 2 1 3 2 2
[85,] 1 2 2 2 2
[86,] 2 3 2 2 2
[87,] 3 2 2 2 2
[88,] 3 1 2 2 2
[89,] 2 2 2 2 2
[90,] 1 1 2 2 2
[91,] 1 1 2 2 2
[92,] 2 2 2 2 2
[93,] 2 1 2 2 2
[94,] 1 1 2 2 2
[95,] 2 1 2 2 2
[96,] 2 2 2 2 2
[97,] 2 1 2 2 2
[98,] 3 1 2 2 2
[99,] 1 1 2 2 2
[100,] 2 1 2 2 2
[101,] 3 2 3 3 3
[102,] 2 1 3 3 3
[103,] 3 2 3 3 3
[104,] 3 1 3 3 3
[105,] 3 2 3 3 3
[106,] 3 2 3 3 3
[107,] 1 1 2 2 3
[108,] 3 1 3 3 3
[109,] 3 1 3 3 3
[110,] 3 3 3 3 3
[111,] 3 2 3 3 3
[112,] 3 1 3 3 3
[113,] 3 2 3 3 3
[114,] 2 1 3 3 3
[115,] 2 1 3 3 3
[116,] 3 2 3 3 3
[117,] 3 2 3 3 3
[118,] 3 3 3 3 3
[119,] 3 1 3 3 3
[120,] 2 1 3 2 3
[121,] 3 2 3 3 3
[122,] 2 1 3 3 3
[123,] 3 1 3 3 3
[124,] 3 1 3 3 3
[125,] 3 2 3 3 3
[126,] 3 2 3 3 3
[127,] 3 1 3 3 3
[128,] 2 2 3 3 3
[129,] 3 1 3 3 3
[130,] 3 2 3 2 3
[131,] 3 1 3 3 3
[132,] 3 3 3 3 3
[133,] 3 1 3 3 3
[134,] 3 1 3 2 3
[135,] 2 1 3 2 3
[136,] 3 2 3 3 3
[137,] 3 3 3 3 3
[138,] 3 2 3 3 3
[139,] 2 2 3 3 3
[140,] 3 2 3 3 3
[141,] 3 2 3 3 3
[142,] 3 2 3 3 3
[143,] 2 1 3 3 3
[144,] 3 2 3 3 3
[145,] 3 2 3 3 3
[146,] 3 2 3 3 3
[147,] 3 1 3 3 3
[148,] 3 2 3 3 3
[149,] 3 3 3 3 3
[150,] 2 2 3 3 3
attr(,"aode")$cutp
attr(,"aode")$cutp[[1]]
[1] -Inf 5.55 6.15 Inf
attr(,"aode")$cutp[[2]]
[1] -Inf 2.95 3.35 Inf
attr(,"aode")$cutp[[3]]
[1] -Inf 2.45 4.75 Inf
attr(,"aode")$cutp[[4]]
[1] -Inf 0.80 1.75 Inf
attr(,"aode")$m
[1] 1
attr(,"aode")$w
[1] FALSE
attr(,"aode")$s
[1] FALSE
attr(,"aode")$S
[1] 100
attr(,"aode")$nOfFeatureVectors
[1] 150
attr(,"aode")$featureNamesList
[1] "Sepal.Length" "Sepal.Width" "Petal.Length" "Petal.Width" "Species"
attr(,"aode")$nOfAttr
[1] 4
attr(,"aode")$featureAttrValues
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
[1,] 1 1 1 1 1
[2,] 2 2 2 2 2
[3,] 3 3 3 3 3
attr(,"aode")$featureClasses
[1] 1 2 3
attr(,"aode")$attrIndex
[1] 0 1 2 3
attr(,"aode")$reverseAttrIndex
[1] 14 13 12 12
attr(,"aode")$reverseCumulativeAttrIndex
[1] 0 14 27 39
attr(,"aode")$nOfDiscreteAttrValues
[1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
attr(,"aode")$totalClasses
[1] 3
attr(,"aode")$totalAttrValues
[1] 15
attr(,"aode")$c_pyxi
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] [,14]
[1,] 47 17 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 11 15 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 1 24 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[,15]
[1,] 0
[2,] 0
[3,] 0
attr(,"aode")$c_pyxixj
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] [,14]
[1,] 17 0 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[,15] [,16] [,17] [,18] [,19] [,20] [,21] [,22] [,23] [,24] [,25] [,26]
[1,] 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[,27] [,28] [,29] [,30] [,31] [,32] [,33] [,34] [,35] [,36] [,37] [,38]
[1,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[,39]
[1,] 0
[2,] 0
[3,] 0
attr(,"aode")$nOfNA
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
0 0 0 0 0
attr(,"aode")$nOfNAyxi
[1] 0 0 0 0
attr(,"aode")$cxi
[1] 59 56 55 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
attr(,"aode")$ind
[1] -1 12 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
attr(,"aode")$cpyxi
NULL
attr(,"aode")$pyxi
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9]
[1,] 0.313465784 0.1147903 0.002207506 0.333333333 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0.075055188 0.1015453 0.041942605 0.002207506 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0.008830022 0.1611479 0.326710817 0.002207506 0 0 0 0 0
[,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] [,14] [,15]
[1,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
attr(,"aode")$pyxixj
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11]
[1,] 0.3750000 0.02083333 1.00000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0.1666667 0.08333333 0.08333333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0.5000000 0.50000000 0.50000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[,12] [,13] [,14] [,15] [,16] [,17] [,18] [,19] [,20] [,21] [,22]
[1,] 0 0 0 0.05555556 1.0000 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0 0.25000000 0.0625 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0 1.00000000 0.0400 0 0 0 0 0 0
[,23] [,24] [,25] [,26] [,27] [,28] [,29] [,30] [,31] [,32] [,33]
[1,] 0 0 0 0 0 1.0000000 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0 0 0 0.1428571 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0 0 0 0.0200000 0 0 0 0 0
[,34] [,35] [,36] [,37] [,38] [,39]
[1,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
attr(,"aode")$pyxixjopp
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12]
[1,] 1.000 1.0000000 0.9411765 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0.125 0.1428571 1.0000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0.040 0.0200000 1.0000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[,13] [,14] [,15] [,16] [,17] [,18] [,19] [,20] [,21] [,22] [,23]
[1,] 0 0 1.0000000 0.3529412 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0.5714286 1.0000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0.5000000 1.0000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[,24] [,25] [,26] [,27] [,28] [,29] [,30] [,31] [,32] [,33] [,34]
[1,] 0 0 0 0 0.01960784 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0 0 1.00000000 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0 0 1.00000000 0 0 0 0 0 0
[,35] [,36] [,37] [,38] [,39]
[1,] 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0 0 0
attr(,"aode")$weight
[1] 1 1 1 1
attr(,"aode")$probInitAODE
[1] 1
attr(,"aode")$p
logical(0)
attr(,"aode")$cyxjpNA
, , 1
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 2
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 3
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 4
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 5
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 6
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 7
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 8
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 9
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 10
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 11
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 12
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 13
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 14
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
, , 15
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0
attr(,"class")
[1] "AODE"
> aode(iris)
list()
attr(,"aode")
attr(,"aode")$train
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
[1,] 1 3 1 1 1
[2,] 1 2 1 1 1
[3,] 1 2 1 1 1
[4,] 1 2 1 1 1
[5,] 1 3 1 1 1
[6,] 1 3 1 1 1
[7,] 1 3 1 1 1
[8,] 1 3 1 1 1
[9,] 1 1 1 1 1
[10,] 1 2 1 1 1
[11,] 1 3 1 1 1
[12,] 1 3 1 1 1
[13,] 1 2 1 1 1
[14,] 1 2 1 1 1
[15,] 2 3 1 1 1
[16,] 2 3 1 1 1
[17,] 1 3 1 1 1
[18,] 1 3 1 1 1
[19,] 2 3 1 1 1
[20,] 1 3 1 1 1
[21,] 1 3 1 1 1
[22,] 1 3 1 1 1
[23,] 1 3 1 1 1
[24,] 1 2 1 1 1
[25,] 1 3 1 1 1
[26,] 1 2 1 1 1
[27,] 1 3 1 1 1
[28,] 1 3 1 1 1
[29,] 1 3 1 1 1
[30,] 1 2 1 1 1
[31,] 1 2 1 1 1
[32,] 1 3 1 1 1
[33,] 1 3 1 1 1
[34,] 1 3 1 1 1
[35,] 1 2 1 1 1
[36,] 1 2 1 1 1
[37,] 1 3 1 1 1
[38,] 1 3 1 1 1
[39,] 1 2 1 1 1
[40,] 1 3 1 1 1
[41,] 1 3 1 1 1
[42,] 1 1 1 1 1
[43,] 1 2 1 1 1
[44,] 1 3 1 1 1
[45,] 1 3 1 1 1
[46,] 1 2 1 1 1
[47,] 1 3 1 1 1
[48,] 1 2 1 1 1
[49,] 1 3 1 1 1
[50,] 1 2 1 1 1
[51,] 3 2 2 2 2
[52,] 3 2 2 2 2
[53,] 3 2 3 2 2
[54,] 1 1 2 2 2
[55,] 3 1 2 2 2
[56,] 2 1 2 2 2
[57,] 3 2 2 2 2
[58,] 1 1 2 2 2
[59,] 3 1 2 2 2
[60,] 1 1 2 2 2
[61,] 1 1 2 2 2
[62,] 2 2 2 2 2
[63,] 2 1 2 2 2
[64,] 2 1 2 2 2
[65,] 2 1 2 2 2
[66,] 3 2 2 2 2
[67,] 2 2 2 2 2
[68,] 2 1 2 2 2
[69,] 3 1 2 2 2
[70,] 2 1 2 2 2
[71,] 2 2 3 3 2
[72,] 2 1 2 2 2
[73,] 3 1 3 2 2
[74,] 2 1 2 2 2
[75,] 3 1 2 2 2
[76,] 3 2 2 2 2
[77,] 3 1 3 2 2
[78,] 3 2 3 2 2
[79,] 2 1 2 2 2
[80,] 2 1 2 2 2
[81,] 1 1 2 2 2
[82,] 1 1 2 2 2
[83,] 2 1 2 2 2
[84,] 2 1 3 2 2
[85,] 1 2 2 2 2
[86,] 2 3 2 2 2
[87,] 3 2 2 2 2
[88,] 3 1 2 2 2
[89,] 2 2 2 2 2
[90,] 1 1 2 2 2
[91,] 1 1 2 2 2
[92,] 2 2 2 2 2
[93,] 2 1 2 2 2
[94,] 1 1 2 2 2
[95,] 2 1 2 2 2
[96,] 2 2 2 2 2
[97,] 2 1 2 2 2
[98,] 3 1 2 2 2
[99,] 1 1 2 2 2
[100,] 2 1 2 2 2
[101,] 3 2 3 3 3
[102,] 2 1 3 3 3
[103,] 3 2 3 3 3
[104,] 3 1 3 3 3
[105,] 3 2 3 3 3
[106,] 3 2 3 3 3
[107,] 1 1 2 2 3
[108,] 3 1 3 3 3
[109,] 3 1 3 3 3
[110,] 3 3 3 3 3
[111,] 3 2 3 3 3
[112,] 3 1 3 3 3
[113,] 3 2 3 3 3
[114,] 2 1 3 3 3
[115,] 2 1 3 3 3
[116,] 3 2 3 3 3
[117,] 3 2 3 3 3
[118,] 3 3 3 3 3
[119,] 3 1 3 3 3
[120,] 2 1 3 2 3
[121,] 3 2 3 3 3
[122,] 2 1 3 3 3
[123,] 3 1 3 3 3
[124,] 3 1 3 3 3
[125,] 3 2 3 3 3
[126,] 3 2 3 3 3
[127,] 3 1 3 3 3
[128,] 2 2 3 3 3
[129,] 3 1 3 3 3
[130,] 3 2 3 2 3
[131,] 3 1 3 3 3
[132,] 3 3 3 3 3
[133,] 3 1 3 3 3
[134,] 3 1 3 2 3
[135,] 2 1 3 2 3
[136,] 3 2 3 3 3
[137,] 3 3 3 3 3
[138,] 3 2 3 3 3
[139,] 2 2 3 3 3
[140,] 3 2 3 3 3
[141,] 3 2 3 3 3
[142,] 3 2 3 3 3
[143,] 2 1 3 3 3
[144,] 3 2 3 3 3
[145,] 3 2 3 3 3
[146,] 3 2 3 3 3
[147,] 3 1 3 3 3
[148,] 3 2 3 3 3
[149,] 3 3 3 3 3
[150,] 2 2 3 3 3
attr(,"aode")$cutp
attr(,"aode")$cutp[[1]]
[1] -Inf 5.55 6.15 Inf
attr(,"aode")$cutp[[2]]
[1] -Inf 2.95 3.35 Inf
attr(,"aode")$cutp[[3]]
[1] -Inf 2.45 4.75 Inf
attr(,"aode")$cutp[[4]]
[1] -Inf 0.80 1.75 Inf
attr(,"aode")$m
[1] 1
attr(,"aode")$w
[1] FALSE
attr(,"aode")$s
[1] FALSE
attr(,"aode")$S
[1] 100
attr(,"aode")$nOfFeatureVectors
[1] 150
attr(,"aode")$featureNamesList
[1] "Sepal.Length" "Sepal.Width" "Petal.Length" "Petal.Width" "Species"
attr(,"aode")$nOfAttr
[1] 4
attr(,"aode")$featureAttrValues
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
[1,] 1 1 1 1 1
[2,] 2 2 2 2 2
[3,] 3 3 3 3 3
attr(,"aode")$featureClasses
[1] 1 2 3
attr(,"aode")$attrIndex
[1] 0 1 2 3
attr(,"aode")$reverseAttrIndex
[1] 14 13 12 12
attr(,"aode")$reverseCumulativeAttrIndex
[1] 0 14 27 39
attr(,"aode")$nOfDiscreteAttrValues
[1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
attr(,"aode")$totalClasses
[1] 3
attr(,"aode")$totalAttrValues
[1] 15
attr(,"aode")$c_pyxi
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] [,14]
[1,] 47 17 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 11 15 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 1 24 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[,15]
[1,] 0
[2,] 0
[3,] 0
attr(,"aode")$c_pyxixj
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] [,14]
[1,] 17 0 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[,15] [,16] [,17] [,18] [,19] [,20] [,21] [,22] [,23] [,24] [,25] [,26]
[1,]
|
Created & Maintained by Osamu Ogasawara (osamu.ogasawara@gmail.com) and