CBPS estimates propensity scores such that both covariate balance and prediction of treatment assignment are maximized. The method, therefore, avoids an iterative process between model fitting and balance checking and implements both simultaneously.
For cross-sectional data, the method can take continuous treatments and treatments with a control (baseline) condition and either 1, 2, or 3 distinct treatment conditions.
An object of class formula (or one that can be coerced to that class): a symbolic description of the model to be fitted.
data
An optional data frame, list or environment (or object coercible by as.data.frame to a data frame) containing the variables in the model. If not found in data, the variables are taken from environment(formula), typically the environment from which CBPS is called.
na.action
A function which indicates what should happen when the data contain NAs. The default is set by the na.action setting of options, and is na.fail if that is unset.
ATT
Default is 1, which finds the average treatment effect on the treated interpreting the second level of the treatment factor as the treatment. Set to 2 to find the ATT interpreting the first level of the treatment factor as the treatment. Set to 0 to find the average treatment effect. For non-binary treatments, only the ATE is available.
iterations
An optional parameter for the maximum number of iterations for the optimization. Default is 1000.
standardize
Default is TRUE, which normalizes weights to sum to 1 within each treatment group. For continuous treatments, normalizes weights to sum up to 1 for the entire sample. Set to FALSE to return Horvitz-Thompson weights.
method
Choose "over" to fit an over-identified model that combines the propensity score and covariate balancing conditions; choose "exact" to fit a model that only contains the covariate balancing conditions.
twostep
Default is TRUE for a two-step estimator, which will run substantially faster than continuous-updating. Set to FALSE to use the continuous-updating estimator described by Imai and Ratkovic (2014).
treat
A vector of treatment assignments. Binary or multi-valued treatments should be factors. Continuous treatments should be numeric.
X
A covariate matrix.
baseline.formula
Used only to fit CBPSOptimal (see Fan et al). Currently only works with binary treatments. A formula specifying the balancing covariates in the baseline outcome model. Namely h_1(). Eg. ~X2+X4 means X_2 and X_4 are the baseline outcome model covariates.
diff.formula
Used only to fit CBPSOptimal (see Fan et al). Currently only works with binary treatments. A formula specifying the balancing covariates in the difference between the treatment and baseline outcome model.Namely h_2().Eg.~X1+X3 means X_1 and X_3 are covariates in the difference between the treatment and baseline outcome models.
baselineX
Similar to baseline.formula, but in matrix form.
diffX
Similar to diff.formula, but in matrix form.
...
Other parameters to be passed through to optim().
Details
Fits covariate balancing propensity scores.
Value
fitted.values
The fitted propensity score
deviance
Minus twice the log-likelihood of the CBPS fit
weights
The optimal weights. Let π_i = f(T_i | X_i). For binary ATE, these are given by T_i/π_i + (1 - T_i)/(1 - π_i). For binary ATT, these are given by n/n_t * T_i + n/n_t * (1 - T_i)/(1 - π_i). For multi_valued treatments, these are given by ∑_{j=0}^{J-1} T_i,j / π_i,j. For continuous treatments, these are given by f(T_i) / f(T_i | X_i) . These expressions for weights are all before standardization (i.e. with standardize=FALSE). Standardization will make weights sum to 1 within each treatment group. For continuous treatment, standardization will make all weights sum to 1.
y
The treatment vector used
x
The covariate matrix
model
The model frame
converged
Convergence value. Returned from the call to optim().
call
The matched call
formula
The formula supplied
data
The data argument
coefficients
A named vector of coefficients
sigmasq
The sigma-squared value, for continuous treatments only
J
The J-statistic at convergence
mle.J
The J-statistic for the parameters from maximum likelihood estimation
var
The covariance matrix, evaluated numerically from optim().
Author(s)
Christian Fong, Marc Ratkovic, Kosuke Imai, and Xiaolin Yang; The CBPS function is based on the code for version 2.15.0 of the glm function implemented in the stats package, originally written by Simon Davies. This documentation is likewise modeled on the documentation for glm and borrows its language where the arguments and values are the same.
References
Imai, Kosuke and Marc Ratkovic. 2014. “Covariate Balancing Propensity Score.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Statistical Methodology). http://imai.princeton.edu/research/CBPS.html
Fong, Christian, Chad Hazlett, and Kosuke Imai. “Parametric and Nonparametric Covariate Balancing Propensity Score for General Treatment Regimes.” Unpublished Manuscript. http://imai.princeton.edu/research/files/CBGPS.pdf
Fan, Jianqing and Imai, Kosuke and Liu, Han and Ning, Yang and Yang, Xiaolin. “Improving Covariate Balancing Propensity Score: A Doubly Robust and Efficient Approach.” Unpublished Manuscript.
See Also
summary.CBPS
Examples
## Not run:
###
### Example: propensity score matching
###
##Load the LaLonde data
data(LaLonde)
## Estimate CBPS
fit <- CBPS(treat ~ age + educ + re75 + re74 + I(re75==0) + I(re74==0),
data = LaLonde, ATT = TRUE)
summary(fit)
## matching via MatchIt: one to one nearest neighbor with replacement
library(MatchIt)
m.out <- matchit(treat ~ fitted(fit), method = "nearest", data = LaLonde,
replace = TRUE)
### Example: propensity score weighting
###
## Simulation from Kang and Shafer (2007).
set.seed(123456)
n <- 500
X <- mvrnorm(n, mu = rep(0, 4), Sigma = diag(4))
prop <- 1 / (1 + exp(X[,1] - 0.5 * X[,2] + 0.25*X[,3] + 0.1 * X[,4]))
treat <- rbinom(n, 1, prop)
y <- 210 + 27.4*X[,1] + 13.7*X[,2] + 13.7*X[,3] + 13.7*X[,4] + rnorm(n)
##Estimate CBPS with a misspecificied model
X.mis <- cbind(exp(X[,1]/2), X[,2]*(1+exp(X[,1]))^(-1)+10, (X[,1]*X[,3]/25+.6)^3,
(X[,2]+X[,4]+20)^2)
fit1 <- CBPS(treat ~ X.mis, ATT = 0)
summary(fit1)
## Horwitz-Thompson estimate
mean(treat*y/fit1$fitted.values)
## Inverse propensity score weighting
sum(treat*y/fit1$fitted.values)/sum(treat/fit1$fitted.values)
rm(list=c("y","X","prop","treat","n","X.mis","fit1"))
### Example: Continuous Treatment
set.seed(123456)
n <- 1000
X <- mvrnorm(n, mu = rep(0,2), Sigma = diag(2))
beta <- rnorm(ncol(X)+1, sd = 1)
treat <- cbind(1,X)%*%beta + rnorm(n, sd = 5)
treat.effect <- 1
effect.beta <- rnorm(ncol(X))
y <- rbinom(n, 1, (1 + exp(mean(-treat.effect*treat - X%*%effect.beta)))^-1)
fit2 <- CBPS(treat ~ X)
summary(fit2)
summary(glm(y ~ treat + X, weights = fit2$weights, family = "quasibinomial"))
rm(list=c("n","X","beta","treat","treat.effect","effect.beta","y","fit2"))
### Example: Improved CBPS from Fan et al
set.seed(123456)
n <- 500
X <- mvrnorm(n, mu = rep(0, 4), Sigma = diag(4))
prop <- 1 / (1 + exp(X[,1] - 0.5 * X[,2] + 0.25*X[,3] + 0.1 * X[,4]))
treat <- rbinom(n, 1, prop)
y1 <- 210 + 27.4*X[,1] + 13.7*X[,2] + 13.7*X[,3] + 13.7*X[,4] + rnorm(n)
y0 <- 210 + 13.7*X[,2] + 13.7*X[,3] + 13.7*X[,4] + rnorm(n)
##Estimate CBPS with a misspecificied model
X.mis <- cbind(exp(X[,1]/2), X[,2]*(1+exp(X[,1]))^(-1)+10, (X[,1]*X[,3]/25+.6)^3,
(X[,2]+X[,4]+20)^2)
fit1 <- CBPS(treat ~ X.mis,baseline.formula=~X.mis[,2:4],diff.formula=~X.mis[,1], ATT = FALSE)
summary(fit1)
## End(Not run)
providing 
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