Determine "spatial sorting bias", or the difference between two point data sets in the average distance to the nearest point in a reference dataset.
Usage
ssb(p, a, reference, lonlat=TRUE, avg=TRUE)
Arguments
p
two column matrix (x, y) or (longitude/latitude) or SpatialPoints object, for point locations
a
two column matrix (x, y) or (longitude/latitude) or SpatialPoints object, for point locations
reference
as above for reference point locations to which distances are computed
lonlat
Logical. Use TRUE if the coordinates are spherical (in degrees), and use FALSE if they are planar
avg
Logical. If TRUE the distances are averaged
Value
matrix with two values. 'dp': the average distance from a point in p to the nearest point in reference and 'da': the average distance from a point in a to the nearest point in reference.
Distance is in meters if lonlat=TRUE, and in mapunits (typically also meters) if lonlat=FALSE
Author(s)
Robert J. Hijmans
References
Hijmans, R.J., 2012. Cross-validation of species distribution models: removing spatial sorting bias and calibration with a null-model. Ecology 93: 679-688.
See Also
pwdSample
Examples
ref <- matrix(c(-54.5,-38.5, 2.5, -9.5, -45.5, 1.5, 9.5, 4.5, -10.5, -10.5), ncol=2)
p <- matrix(c(-56.5, -30.5, -6.5, 14.5, -25.5, -48.5, 14.5, -2.5, 14.5,
-11.5, -17.5, -11.5), ncol=2)
r <- raster()
extent(r) <- c(-110, 110, -45, 45)
r[] <- 1
set.seed(0)
a <- randomPoints(r, n=50)
b <- ssb(p, a, ref)
# distances in km
b / 1000
# an index of spatial sorting bias (1 is no bias, near 0 is extreme bias)
b[1] / b[2]